Hostname: page-component-6bb9c88b65-kzqxb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-07-19T13:27:31.905Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Factors Affecting Separation Anxiety Disorder in Adolescent Earthquake Survivors: The Case of Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes (2023)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2025

Ibrahim Kiymis Open the ORCID record for Ibrahim Kiymis [Opens in a new window]  and
Ahsen Aydin Dogan
Ibrahim Kiymis*
Affiliation:
Department of Property Protection and Security, Siran Mustafa Beyaz Vocational School of Higher Education, https://ror.org/00r9t7n55Gumushane University, Siran, Gumushane, Turkey
Ahsen Aydin Dogan
Affiliation:
Department of Disaster Management (MSc), https://ror.org/00r9t7n55Gumushane University, Gumushane, Turkey
*
Corresponding author: Ibrahim Kiymis; Email: ibrahimkiymis@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective

The Kahramanmaras Earthquakes (2023) are the largest and most devastating earthquakes in the history of the Republic. The effects of these earthquakes are particularly deeply felt among younger generations and trigger various psychological factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to measure the levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social phobia (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and depression on separation anxiety disorder (SAD) among adolescent earthquake survivors affected by the Kahramanmaras Earthquakes (2023).

Methods

In the study, the data were obtained using a survey method. A total of 605 adolescent earthquake survivors exposed to the Kahramanmaras earthquakes were reached. The research was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM).

Results

Surprisingly, according to the research findings, there was no significant and positive relationship between SP (β = −0.006, P > 0.05) and Depression (β = −0.117, P > 0.05) on SAD.

Conclusions

Consequently, while PTSD and GAD had significant and positive effects on SAD in those adolescent earthquake survivors affected by the Kahramanmaras Earthquakes (2023), SP and Depression did not have significant and positive effects on SAD. Therefore, it is recommended that future studies examine the effects of SP and Depression on SAD more comprehensively and in detail through qualitative research.

Keywords

separation anxiety disordersocial phobiaPTSDgeneralized anxiety disorderearthquake victim adolescent

Information

Type
Original Research
Information
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , Volume 19 , 2025 , e191
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

UNDRR. An Overview of the Last 20 Years. United Nations; 2020.Google Scholar
Wesner, BGK Gaillard, JC, Kelman, I (eds). The Routledge Handbook of Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction. Routledge; 2012.10.4324/9780203844236CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutter, SL, Boruff, BJ, Shirley, WL. Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc Sci Q. 2003;84(2):242–261. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.8402002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DEMA. Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık’ta Meydana Gelen Deprem Hk. Basın Bülteni-2.; 2023. Accessed May 4, 2023. https://www.afad.gov.tr/kahramanmaras-pazarcikta-meydana-gelen-deprem-hk-basin-bulteni-2Google Scholar
EM-DAT. The International Disasters Database. 2023. https://public.emdat.be/dataGoogle Scholar
DEMA. 06 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık ve Elbistan) Depremleri Saha Çalışmaları Ön Değerlendirme Raporu.; 2023. Accessed May 4, 2023. https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Arazi_Onrapor_28022023_surum1_revize.pdfGoogle Scholar
DEMA. Kahramanmaraş’ta Meydana Gelen Depremler Hk. Basın Bülteni-36.; 2023. Accessed April 5, 2023. https://www.afad.gov.tr/kahramanmarasta-meydana-gelen-depremler-hk-36Google Scholar
SBD. 2023 Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay Depremleri Raporu.; 2023. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdfGoogle Scholar
WHO. World Health Organization. 2023. https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2023-7145-46911-69358Google Scholar
Haden, SC, Scarpa, A, Jones, RT, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and injury: the moderating role of perceived social support and coping for young adults. Pers Individ Dif. 2007;42(7):1187–1198. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, JM, Bae, SM. Impact of depressive, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms in disaster victims on quality of life: The moderating effect of perceived community resilience. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2022;69. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102749Google Scholar
Hobfoll, SE, Watson, P, Bell, CC, et al. Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry. 2007;70(4):283–315. doi:10.1521/psyc.2007.70.4.283CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Narmandakh, A, Roest, AM, de, Jonge P, et al. The bidirectional association between sleep problems and anxiety symptoms in adolescents: a TRAILS report. Sleep Med. 2020;67:39–46. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.10.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, BS, La Greca, AM, Colgan, CA, et al. Sleep problems and posttraumatic stress: Children exposed to a natural disaster. J Pediatr Psychol. 2020;45(9):1016–1026. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa061CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elling, C, Forstner, AJ, Seib-Pfeifer, LE, et al. Social anxiety disorder with comorbid major depression – why fearful attachment style is relevant. J Psychiatr Res. 2022;147:283–290. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alfano, CA, Zakem, AH, Costa, NM, et al. Sleep problems and their relation to cognitive factors, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(6):503–512. doi:10.1002/da.20443Google ScholarPubMed
Karimi, A, Bazyar, J, Malekyan, L, et al. Prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts after disaster and mass casualty incidents in the world: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Psychiatry. 2022;17(1):99–109. doi:10.18502/ijps.v17i1.8054Google ScholarPubMed
Wang, D, You, X. Post-disaster trauma and cultural healing in children and adolescents: Evidence from the Wenchuan earthquake. Arts Psychother. 2022;77. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2021.101878Google Scholar
Danese, A, Smith, P, Chitsabesan, P, et al. Child and adolescent mental health amidst emergencies and disasters. Br J Psychiatry. 2020;216(3):159–162. doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.244CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crum, KI, Cornacchio, D, Coxe, S, et al. Conduct problems among Boston-area youth following the 2013 marathon bombing: The moderating role of prior violent crime exposure. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2017;46(3):343–352. doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1077450CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comer, JS, Dantowitz, A, Chou, T, et al. Adjustment among area youth after the Boston Marathon bombing and subsequent manhunt. Pediatrics. 2014;134(1):7–14. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-4115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohammadi, MR, Badrfam, R, Khaleghi, A, et al. Prevalence, comorbidity and predictor of separation anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91:1415–1429. doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09778-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adebäck, P, Schulman, A, Nilsson, D. Children exposed to a natural disaster: psychological consequences eight years after 2004 tsunami. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018;72(1):75–81. doi:10.1080/08039488.2017.1382569CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDermott, BM, Cobham, VE. A stepped-care model of post-disaster child and adolescent mental health service provision. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2014;5(1). doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.24294CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balaban, V. Psychological assessment of children in disasters and emergencies. Disasters. 2006;30(2):178–198. doi:10.1111/j.0361-3666.2006.00314.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esterwood, E, Saeed, SA. Past epidemics, natural disasters, COVID19, and mental health: Learning from history as we deal with the present and prepare for the future. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(4):1121–1133. doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09808-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, S, Shi, X, Chen, X, et al. Earthquake exposure and ptsd symptoms among disaster-exposed adolescents: a moderated mediation model of sleep problems and resilience. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:1–10. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.577328Google ScholarPubMed
Hoven, CW, Duarte, CS, Wu, P, et al. Exposure to trauma and separation anxiety in children after the WTC attack. Appl Dev Sci. 2004;8(4):172–183. doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0804_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kar, N. Depression in youth exposed to disasters, terrorism and political violence. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(8):1–11. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1061-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Y, Duan, W, Chen, Z. Latent profiles of the comorbidity of the symptoms for posttraumatic stress disorder and generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents who are susceptible to COVID-19. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;116. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105235Google ScholarPubMed
Hayward, C, Killen, JD, Kraemer, HC, et al. Linking self-reported childhood behavioral inhibition to adolescent social phobia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37(12):1308–1316. doi:10.1097/00004583-199812000-00015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Behmanesh, B, Alhosseini, KA, Azadi, M. Explaining separation anxiety: A qualitative study. Journal of Research in Psychopathology. 2023;4(11):17–22. doi:10.22098/jrp.2022.10877.1104Google Scholar
Lawrence, PJ, Murayama, K, Creswell, C. Systematic review and meta-analysis: anxiety and depressive disorders in offspring of parents with anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;58(1):46–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.898CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, JL, Blatter-Meunier, J, Ursprung, A, et al. Maternal daily diary report in the assessment of childhood separation anxiety. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010;39(2):252–259. doi:10.1080/15374410903532619CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Punamäki, RL, Sezgin, U. Earthquake trauma and causal explanation associating with PTSD and other psychiatric disorders among South East Anatolian women. J Affect Disord. 2012;141(2-3):432–440. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.005Google Scholar
Vetter, S, Rossegger, A, Rossler, W, et al. Exposure to the tsunami disaster, PTSD symptoms and increased substance use - An Internet based survey of male and female residents of Switzerland. BMC Public Health. 2008;8(92):1–6. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milrod, B, Keefe, JR, Choo, TH, et al. Separation anxiety in PTSD: A pilot study of mechanisms in patients undergoing IPT. Depress Anxiety. 2020;37(4):386–395. doi:10.1002/da.23003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahmad, A. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among displaced Kurdish children in Iraq-victims of a man-made disaster after the Gulf war. Nord J Psychiatry. 1992;46(5):315–319. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/08039489209102613CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, M, Wilson, A. Adolescent suicidality in urban minorities and its relationship to conduct disorders, depression, and separation anxiety. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(1):75–84. doi:10.1097/00004583-199701000-00020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moalla, M, Reagu, S, Alabdulla, M, et al. A study of anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar. Psychiatry Int (Basel). 2023;4(2):136–146. doi:10.3390/psychiatryint4020016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varner, S, Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J, Bell, TR. Persisting generalized anxiety disorder and physical health symptoms 18 months after the deepwater horizon oil spill: a community sample. J Community Psychol. 2016;44(8):1011–1026. doi:10.1002/jcop.21824CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acierno, R, Ruggiero, KJ, Galea, S, et al. Psychological sequelae resulting from the 2004 Florida hurricanes: implications for postdisaster intervention. Am J Public Health. 2007;97 Suppl 1. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.087007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisen, AR, Schaefer, CE. Separation Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: An Individualized Approach to Assessment and Treatment. Guilford Press; 2005.Google Scholar
Hanna, GL, Fischer, DJ, Fluent, TE, et al. Separation anxiety disorder and school refusal in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rev. 2006;27(2):56–63. http://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/ 10.1542/pir.27.2.56CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anwar, J, Mpofu, E, Matthews, LR, et al. Reproductive health and access to healthcare facilities: Risk factors for depression and anxiety in women with an earthquake experience. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):1–13. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-523CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silove, D, Momartin, S, Marnane, C, et al. Adult separation anxiety disorder among war-affected Bosnian refugees: Comorbidity with PTSD and associations with dimensions of trauma. J Trauma Stress. 2010;23(1):169–172. doi:10.1002/jts.20490CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wijeratne, C, Manicavasagar, V. Separation anxiety in the elderly. J Anxiety Disord. 2003;17(6):695–702. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00239-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jonker, D, Sterkenburg, PS, Van Rensburg, E. Caregiver-mediated therapy for an adult with visual and intellectual impairment suffering from separation anxiety. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;47:1–13. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.08.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, X, Zhou, S. Parental worry, family-based disaster education and children’s internalizing and externalizing problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Trauma. 2021;13(4):486–495. doi:10.1037/tra0000932CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fatima, N, Rana, S. Repercussion of Flood of 2010 on the mental health of Pakistani victims. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2017;15(1):42–52.Google Scholar
Hoven, CW, Duarte, CS, Lucas, CP, et al. Psychopathology among New York City public school children 6 months after September 11. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(5):545–551. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.545CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Z, Li, X, Ge, X. Left too early: The effects of age at separation from parents on Chinese rural children’s symptoms of anxiety and depression. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(11):2049–2054. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150474CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rezayat, AA, Sahebdel, S, Jafari, S, et al. Evaluating the prevalence of PTSD among children and adolescents after earthquakes and floods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(4):1265–1290. doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09840-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, JA. Children, adolescents and trauma. Psychiatr Q. 2000;71(3):227–243.10.1023/A:1004630127000CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dyregrov, A, Yule, W. A review of PTSD in children. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2006;11(4):176–184. doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2005.00384.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kar, N, Kumar Bastia, B, Kumar, B, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Published online 2006. doi:10.1186/1745-0179-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y, Duan, W, Chen, Z. Latent profiles of the comorbidity of the symptoms for posttraumatic stress disorder and generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents who are susceptible to COVID-19. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;116. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105235Google ScholarPubMed
Boelen, PA. Symptoms of prolonged grief, depression, and adult separation anxiety: Distinctiveness and correlates. Psychiatry Res. 2013;207(1-2):68–72. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blasco-Belled, A, Tejada-Gallardo, C, Torrelles-Nadal, C, et al. The costs of the COVID-19 on subjective well-being: An analysis of the outbreak in Spain. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2020;12(15):1–13. doi:10.3390/SU12156243Google Scholar
Baddam John, P, Russell, S, Russell, PSS. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among children and adolescents affected by tsunami disaster in Tamil Nadu. Disaster Manag Response. 2007;5(1):3–7. doi:10.1016/j.dmr.2006.11.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, T, Wegmann, KM, Backode, E. Coping and post-traumatic stress in children and adolescents after an acute onset disaster: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9). doi:10.3390/ijerph18094865CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Felton, JW, Cole, DA, Martin, NC. Effects of rumination on child and adolescent depressive reactions to a natural disaster: the 2010 Nashville flood. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122(1):64–73. doi:10.1037/a0O293O3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bountress, KE, Gilmore, AK, Metzger, IW, et al. Impact of disaster exposure severity: Cascading effects across parental distress, adolescent PTSD symptoms, as well as parent-child conflict and communication. Soc Sci Med. 2020;264. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113293Google ScholarPubMed
Juth, V, Silver, RC, Seyle, DC, et al. Post-disaster mental health among parent–child dyads after a major earthquake in Indonesia. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2015;43:1309–1318. doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0009-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cobham, VE, McDermott, B, Haslam, D, et al. The role of parents, parenting and the family environment in children’s post-disaster mental health. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18:1–9. doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0691-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
APA. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Incorporated; 2013. https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/assessment-measuresGoogle Scholar
Marchetti, I, Pedretti, LM, Iannattone, S, et al. Is intolerance of uncertainty a necessary condition for anxiety symptoms in adolescents? A necessary condition analysis study. J Anxiety Disord. 2025;112. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.102999Google ScholarPubMed
Kerns, KA, Tomich, PL, Aspelmeier, JE, et al. Attachment-based assessments of parent-child relationships in middle childhood. Dev Psychol. 2000;36(5):614–626. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.5.614CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
La Greca, AM, Stone, WL. Social anxiety scale for children-revised: Factor structure and concurrent validity. J Clin Child Psychol. 1993;22(1):17–27. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2201_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, EJ, Mustillo, S, Erkanli, A, et al. Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60/8:837–844. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, KA, Koenen, KC, Hill, ED, et al. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52(8). doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, RC, Avenevoli, S, Merikangas, KR. Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49:1002–1014.10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01129-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olness, K. Children’s mental health at times of disasters: a narrative review. Pediatr Med. 2022;5. doi:10.21037/pm-20-85Google Scholar
Silove, DM, Tay, AK, Tol, WA, et al. Patterns of separation anxiety symptoms amongst pregnant women in conflict-affected Timor-Leste: Associations with traumatic loss, family conflict, and intimate partner violence. J Affect Disord. 2016;205:292–300. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.052CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dell’Osso, L, Carmassi, C, Musetti, L, et al. Lifetime mood symptoms and adult separation anxiety in patients with complicated grief and/or post-traumatic stress disorder: A preliminary report. Psychiatry Res. 2012;198(3):436–440. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheeringa, MS, Zeanah, CH. Reconsideration of harm’s way: Onsets and comorbidity patterns of disorders in preschool children and their caregivers following Hurricane Katrina. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37(3):508–518. doi:10.1080/15374410802148178CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geng, F, Liang, Y, Shi, X, et al. Prospective study of psychiatric symptoms among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake. J Trauma Stress. 2018;31(4):499–508. doi:10.1002/jts.22307CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoven, CW, Duarte, CS, Wu, P, et al. Exposure to trauma and separation anxiety in children after the WTC attack. Appl Dev Sci. 2004;8(4):172–183. doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0804_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubens, SL, Vernberg, EM, Felix, ED, et al. Peer deviance, social support, and symptoms of internalizing disorders among youth exposed to Hurricane Georges. Psychiatry (New York). 2013;76(2):169–181. doi:10.1521/psyc.2013.76.2.169Google ScholarPubMed
Hughes, ME, Mohatt, J, Bennett, SM, et al. Anxiety disorder in youth: separation anxiety, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety disorders. In: Psychiatry. Vol 53; 2015:1007–1018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118753378.ch53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bögels, SM, Snieder, N, Kindt, M. Specificity of dysfunctional thinking in children with symptoms of social anxiety, separation anxiety and generalised anxiety. Behav Change. 2003;20(3):160–169.10.1375/bech.20.3.160.24836CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compton, SN, Nelson, AH, March, JS. Social phobia and separation anxiety symptoms in community and clinical samples of children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(8):1040–1046. doi:10.1097/00004583-200008000-00020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eley, TC, Rijsdijk, FV, Perrin, S, et al. A multivariate genetic analysis of specific phobia, separation anxiety and social phobia in early childhood. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008;36(6):839–848. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9216-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bitsika, V, Sharpley, C, Heyne, D. Risk for school refusal among autistic boys bullied at school: Investigating associations with social phobia and separation anxiety. Intl J Disabil Dev Educ. 2022;69(1):190–203. doi:10.1080/1034912X.2021.1969544CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Júnior, EAda, S, Gomes, CAde, B. Psychiatric comorbidities among adolescents with and without anxiety disorders: A community study. J Bras Psiquiatr. 2015;64(3):181–186. doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000076CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Showraki, M, Showraki, T, Brown, K. Generalized anxiety disorder: Revisited. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(3):905–914. doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09747-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohammadi, MR, Pourdehghan, P, Mostafavi, SA, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder: Prevalence, predictors, and comorbidity in children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;73. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102234Google ScholarPubMed
Tang, W, Xu, D, Xu, J. Impact of earthquake exposure, family adversity and peer problems on anxiety-related emotional disorders in adolescent survivors three years after the Ya’an earthquake. J Affect Disord. 2020;273:215–222. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.044CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weems, CF, Russell, JD, Neill, EL, et al. Existential anxiety among adolescents exposed to disaster: linkages among level of exposure, PTSD, and depression symptoms. J Trauma Stress. 2016;29(5):466–473. doi:10.1002/jts.22128CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weine, S, Becker, DF, McGlashan, TH, et al. Adolescent survivors of “Ethnic Cleansing”: observations on the first year in America. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34(9):1153–1159. doi:10.1097/00004583-199509000-00012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pesonen, AK, Räikkönen, K, Heinonen, K, et al. Depressive symptoms in adults separated from their parents as children: A natural experiment during World War II. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(10):1126–1133. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm254CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eapen, V, Johnston, D, Apler, A, et al. Adult separation anxiety during pregnancy and its relationship to depression and anxiety. J Perinat Med. 2013;41(2):159–163. doi:10.1515/jpm-2012-0111CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heath, W. Correlational research. In: Psychology Research Methods. Vol 6; 2018:134–156. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316105566.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmadvand, M, Karami, E. A social impact assessment of the floodwater spreading project on the Gareh-Bygone plain in Iran: A causal comparative approach. Environ Impact Assess Rev. 2009;29(2):126–136. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2008.08.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Öcal, A. Natural disasters in Turkey: Social and economic perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management. 2019;1(1):51–61. doi:10.18485/ijdrm.2019.1.1.3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MTA. Maden Tetkik Ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü 06 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Genişletilmiş Bilgi Notu.; 2023. https://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/sayfalar/bilgi-merkezi/deprem/pdf/Genisletilmis_Bilgi_Notu_06_Subat_2023%20KMaras_Depremleri.pdfGoogle Scholar
DEMA. 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) Mw 7.7 Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) Mw 7.6 Depremlerine İlişkin Ön Değerlendirme Raporu.; 2023.Google Scholar
Ministry of Health. Bakan Koca , Deprem Bölgesinde Son Durumu Değerlendirdi.; 2023. Accessed April 4, 2023. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,94749/bakan-koca-deprem-bolgesinde-son-durumu-degerlendirdi.htmlGoogle Scholar
DEMA. Kahramanmaraş Merkezli Yürütülen Çalışmalar Hakkında-Basın Bülteni-37.; 2023. Accessed June 13, 2023. https://www.afad.gov.tr/kahramanmaras-merkezl-yurutulen-calsmalar-hakknda--basn-bulten--37Google Scholar
TSI. Population by Province Single Age and Sex. 2022. Accessed August 26, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Search/Search?text=%C4%B0l,%20tek%20ya%C5%9F%20ve%20cinsiyete%20g%C3%B6re%20n%C3%BCfusGoogle Scholar
MdM, Rahman, Tabash, MI, Salamzadeh, A, et al. Sampling techniques (probability) for quantitative social science researchers: a conceptual guidelines with examples. SEEU Review. 2022;17(1):42–51. doi:10.2478/seeur-2022-0023Google Scholar
Taherdoost, H. Determining sample size; how to calculate survey sample size. International Journal of Economics and Management Systems. 2017;2:237–239. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3224205Google Scholar
Hair, J, Black, WC, Babin, BJ, et al. Multivariate Data Analysis. Pearson Education; Published online 2010.Google Scholar
Fornell, C, Larcker, DF. Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research. 1981;18(1):39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hair, JF, Hult, GTM, Ringle, CM, et al. Partial Least Squares Structural Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. Sage Publications; 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabrigar, LR, Wegener, DT. Exploratory Factor Analysis. Oxford University Press; Published online 2011.10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199734177.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henseler, J, Ringle, CM, Sinkovics, RR. The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing. 2009;20:277–319. doi:10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garson, GD. Validity and reliability. NC: Statistical Associates Publishers; Published online 2013:9–28.Google Scholar
Nunally, JC. Psychometric Theory. McGraw Hill; Published online 1978.Google Scholar
Gefen, D, Straub, D, Boudreau, MC. Structural equation modeling and regression: guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 2000;4. doi:10.17705/1cais.00407Google Scholar
Steiger, JH. Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Pers Individ Dif. 2007;42(5):893–898. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karam, EG, Fayyad, J, Karam, AN, et al. Outcome of depression and anxiety after war: a prospective epidemiologic study of children and adolescents. J Trauma Stress. 2014;27(2):192–199. doi:10.1002/jts.21895CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxe, G, Geary, M, Bedard, K, et al. Separation anxiety as a mediator between acute morphine administration and PTSD symptoms in injured children. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1071:41–45. doi:10.1196/annals.1364.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geng, F, Zhou, Y, Liang, Y, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric comorbidity among adolescent earthquake survivors: a longitudinal cohort study. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019;47(4):671–681. doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0462-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gesi, C, Carmassi, C, Shear, KM, et al. Adult separation anxiety disorder in complicated grief: an exploratory study on frequency and correlates. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;72:6–12. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.09.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shear, K, Jin, R, Ayelet Meron Ruscio, M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of estimated DSM-IV child and adult separation anxiety disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(6):1074–1083. doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1074CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goenjian, AK, Pynoos, RS, Steinberg, AM, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in children after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34(9):1174–1184. doi:10.1097/00004583-199509000-00015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terin, H, Açıkel, SB, Yılmaz, MM, et al. The effects of anxiety about their parents getting COVID-19 infection on children’s mental health. Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182(1):165–171. doi:10.1007/s00431-022-04660-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dogan, B, Yoldas, C, Kocabas, O, et al. The characteristics of the comorbidity between social anxiety and separation anxiety disorders in adult patients. Nord J Psychiatry. 2019;73(6):380–386. doi:10.1080/08039488.2019.1642381CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verduin, TL, Kendall, PC. Differential occurrence of comorbidity within childhood anxiety disorders. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2003;32(2):290–295. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3202_15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de la, Barra F, Vicente, B, Saldivia, S, et al. Separation anxiety, social phobia and generalized anxiety disorders in the Chilean epidemiological study of children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Behav. 2014;02(03). doi:10.4172/2375-4494.1000133Google Scholar
Masi, G, Mucci, M, Favilla, L, et al. Symptomatology and comorbidity of generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. Compr Psychiatry. 1999;40(3):210–215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90005-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kossowsky, J, Pfaltz, MC, Schneider, S, et al. The separation anxiety hypothesis of panic disorder revisited: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(7):768–781. doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070893CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewinsohn, PM, Holm-Denoma, JM, Small, JW, et al. Separation anxiety disorder in childhood as a risk factor for future mental illness. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(5):548–555. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816765e7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meeus, W, Van De Schoot, R, Keijsers, L, et al. On the progression and stability of adolescent ıdentity formation: a five-wave longitudinal study in early-to-middle and middle-to-late adolescence. Child Dev. 2010;81(5):1565–1581. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01492.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gowers, S. Development in adolescence. Psychiatry. 2005;4(6):6–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1383/psyt.4.6.6.66353CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, HC, Richardson, J, Forbes, D, et al. Mental health following separation in a disaster: the role of attachment. J Trauma Stress. 2016;29(1):56–64. doi:10.1002/jts.22071CrossRefGoogle Scholar