The study aimed to translate the Eating-Related Eco-Concern Questionnaire (EREC) into Turkish, ensure its cross-cultural adaptation, and evaluate its reliability, validity, and psychometric properties. EREC is a 10-item scale assessing the extent to which adults consider ecological impact when making food choices due to concerns about climate change. The study was conducted between November 2023 and February 2024 in Mersin with 442 adults aged 18 to 65 years, using face-to-face interviews. The Turkish version was adapted using the Translation–Back Translation method, and language validity was ensured. Face validity was evaluated through a pilot study with 40 participants. Construct validity was initially assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with data from 200 participants, followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) conducted on an independent sample of 242 participants to verify the factor structure. The reliability of the scale was assessed by test-retest analysis with 106 participants from the main sample (n=442) and consistency was measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The factor structure and model fit were evaluated using indices such as CFI, GFI, and RMSEA. 68.3% of the participants were female; whereas, 31.7% were male. The group’s median BMI value was 24.3 (21.6-27.1), with 52.9% classified as “normal” according to the BMI classification. Factor 2 had a low score, but it was found to be adequate for other factors and the total scale score. The Turkish adaptation of the Eating-Related Eco-Concern Questionnaire has been found to be a valid and reliable scale, as confirmed by comprehensive evaluations.

In a close replication study of Darcy et al., (2016), Huensch (2024) reported a lack of clear relationships between inhibitory control (IC) and phonological processing, contrary to the initial findings. Given the general unreliability of response-time differences, which are often the basis of IC measures and could potentially mask small effects, we performed secondary analyses on Huensch’s (2024) open data set to investigate (a) the extent to which the reliability of IC measures could be improved using model-based approaches (Hui & Wu, 2024), (b) the correlations between the different IC tasks, and (c) their predictive power for phonological processing, based on the more reliable indices. Results showed that model-based approaches generally improved reliability, and particularly for the Stroop and Simon tasks to acceptable levels. Yet, correlations between IC tasks remained low, and partial correlation and hierarchical regression still failed to reveal significant relationships between IC and phonological processing, further confirming Huensch’s (2024) findings.

With increased global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals and degraded observation environments, the correctness of ambiguity resolution is disturbed, causing unexpected real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning solutions. This paper presents an improved fault detection and exclusion (FDE) method based on the generalized least squares (GLS) model. The correlated GLS model is constructed by regarding double-differencing (DD) integer ambiguities as the known parameters. Meanwhile, the validity of residuals as crucial components of fault detection could be enhanced by the iterative re-weighted least squares (IRLS) method rather than the least squares (LS) without robustness. A static test with artificial faults and a dynamic test with natural faults were carried out, respectively. By analyzing test statistics of the enhanced FDE algorithm and comparing its positioning errors with those from the classical LS, it is shown that our method can provide high-precision and high-reliability RTK solutions facing wrong DD fixed ambiguities due to observation faults.

Understanding consumers' food wasting behaviours is crucial to reducing food waste. This study aimed to adapt the Food Wasting Behaviours Questionnaire (FWBQ) to Turkish and evaluate its validity and reliability. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 421 adults, preceded by a pilot study with 30 individuals to assess the intelligibility of the questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on a subsample of 219 participants, followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on an independent subsample of 202 participants. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha (CA), and test–retest reliability was evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in a separate group of 100 participants. As a result of EFA, a six-factor structure emerged—diverging from the original five-factor model of the FWBQ—indicating that in the Turkish context, planning meals and planning shopping behaviours formed distinct dimensions. Three items with low factor loadings (<0.30) were excluded, and the final version included 27 items with a total explained variance of 57.3%. CFA confirmed good model fit, and internal consistency was strong (CA = 0.700 to 0.924). Test–retest reliability was also high (ICC = 0.787 to 0.896). In conclusion, the Turkish version of the FWBQ is a valid and reliable tool for assessing a wide range of food wasting behaviours. The emergence of a sixth factor highlights the importance of cultural context in shaping food management routines and has implications for cross-cultural comparisons and future adaptations.

This study presents findings from a 4-year panel study examining three major questions regarding the measurement of social value orientation (SVO). First, we investigate the test–retest reliability of the Slider Measure (SLM, Murphy et al., 2014) over a period of up to 4 years in a large, demographically diverse sample. Second, we compare the stability of the SLM to related measurements of prosociality and distributional preferences along the behavior–behavioral tendency–trait continuum, including single behaviors (e.g., the Dictator Game and the Prisoner’s Dilemma), alternative behavioral tendencies (e.g., survey-based measures of altruism), and broader personality traits (e.g., Big-Five, HEXACO, Dark Factor D). Third, we explore differences in individual trajectories of SVO, focusing on how age and gender influence its stability and change over time. Our study thus complements earlier research on the stability of the SLM by extending the time period and depth of analysis, and putting the measure in the context of other related measures. The results show a considerable degree of stability, higher than all behavioral games, but often lower than fully fledged measures of personality traits. Furthermore, we find that age has a stabilizing effect on behavior in the SLM. With regard to gender, we find that women behave generally more prosocial than men but that they do not differ in their stability. We conclude that the SLM is a suitable method for assessing individual SVO over longer time periods and is best thought of as covering a sweet spot between stable personality traits and immediate behavioral expressions.

The older population is increasing. As age increases, many changes occur in individuals’ lives, physically, socially, psychologically, and this situation varies from individual to individual. The uncertainty about how this period will pass can cause anxiety in individuals. Therefore, valid and reliable tools are needed to investigate ageing anxiety and potential factors that increase this anxiety, especially in the ageing population. This article presents the results of a Turkish validity and reliability study of the Aging Anxiety Scale for Middle-Aged Adults. The study sample consisted of 293 middle-aged adults. Content validity, face validity and construct validity methods were applied to measure validity. Item analysis, Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest methods were used to measure internal consistency in the reliability analysis. The content validity index of the Aging Anxiety Scale for Middle-Aged Adults was found to be 0.97 based on expert opinion. Model fit indices were calculated as χ2 = 473.583, df = 275, χ2/df = 1.722, CFI = 0.95, GFI = 0.89, IFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.05, RMR = 0.06 and SRMR = 0.05. The analysis results indicated that the scale model values were within accepted limits and that the 5-sub-factor and 26-item structure of the scale was confirmed. It was concluded that the Turkish version of the Aging Anxiety Scale for Middle-Aged Adults was a valid and reliable measurement tool to enable Turkish society to determine middle-aged individuals’ ageing concerns.

The rise of empirical methods has had a polarising effect on legal studies in Europe. On the one hand, quantitative empiricists have frequently dismissed traditional doctrinal scholarship as unscientific and its insights as unreliable. On the other hand, many doctrinal scholars are apprehensive about the perceived displacement of domain expertise from legal research caused by the empirical turn. To bridge the gap between the two camps and address their respective concerns, we propose a wider adoption of expert coding as a methodology for legal research. Expert coding is a method for systematic parsing and representation of phenomena such as legal principles in a structured form, using researchers’ subject matter expertise. To facilitate the uptake of expert coding, we provide a step-by-step guide that addresses not only the coding process but also fundamental prerequisites such as conceptualisation, operationalisation and document selection. We argue that this methodological framework leverages legal scholars’ expertise in a more impactful way than traditional doctrinal analyses. We illustrate each step and methodological principle with examples from European Union law.

This methodological synthesis surveys study and instrument quality in L2 pronunciation research by scrutinizing methodological practices in designing and employing scales and rubrics that measure accentedness, comprehensibility, and intelligibility. A comprehensive coding scheme was developed, and searches were conducted in several databases. A total of 380 articles (409 samples) that employed 576 target instruments and appeared in peer-reviewed journals from 1977 to 2023 were synthesized. Results demonstrated, among other findings, strengths in reporting several listener and speaker characteristics. Areas in need of improvement include (a) more thorough evaluation and reporting of interrater reliability and instrument validity and (b) greater adherence to methodological transparency and open science practices. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for researchers and researcher trainers; by raising awareness of methodological and ethical challenges in psychometric research on L2 speech perception; and by providing recommendations for advancing the quality of instruments in this domain.

The present study transforms subjective conflict perceptions into formally defined games, tests the reliability of the transformation, and explores the properties of several conflict scenarios. To this end we: (i) develop an illustration-based method that transforms implicit perceptions of expected outcomes and experiences into sets of structured numerical values, termed subjective game structures; (ii) develop a reliability index that compares the properties of two subjective games, allowing to test the consistency of repeatedly elicited games; (iii) empirically test game perceptions across eight conflict scenarios; and (iv) interpret the results in terms of two game taxonomies. The results reveal the capacity of the applied methods to transform vague social scenarios into reliable formal games, point to natural solutions, and show the distribution of games that characterizes each conflict scenario. The newly developed model and tools provide a potent instrument for studying a diverse array of social interactions, ranging from interpersonal relations to trade, political conflicts, and war. They represent invaluable resources for conducting polls, examining implicit attitudes, and assisting in the formulation of political, commercial, and social policies.

This paper defines and studies a broad class of shock models by assuming that a Markovian arrival process models the arrival pattern of shocks. Under the defined class, we show that the system’s lifetime follows the well-known phase-type distribution. Further, we examine the age replacement policy for systems with a continuous phase-type distribution, identifying sufficient conditions for determining the optimal replacement time. Since phase-type distributions are dense in the class of lifetime distributions, our findings for the age replacement policy are widely applicable. We include numerical examples and graphical illustrations to support our results.