To assess the association between coffee consumption and life expectancy among the US adults.

Prospective cohort.

National representative survey in the United States, 2001–2018.

A total of 43,114 participants aged 20 years or older with complete coffee consumption data were included from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2018.

Over a median follow-up of 8.7 years, 6,234 total deaths occurred, encompassing 1,929 deaths from cardiovascular disease and 1,411 deaths from cancer. Based on the nationally representative survey, we found that coffee consumption is associated with longer life expectancy. The estimated life expectancy at age 50 was 30.06 years (95% confidence interval, 29.68 to 30.44), 30.82 years (30.12 to 31.57), 32.08 years (31.52 to 32.70), 31.24 years (30.29 to 32.19), and 31.45 years (30.39 to 32.60) in participants consuming 0, ≤1, 1 to ≤2, 2 to ≤3, and >3 cups of coffee per day, respectively. Consequently, compared with non-coffee drinkers, participants who consumed 1 to ≤2 cups/day had a gain of 2.02 years (1.17 to 2.85) in life expectancy on average, attributable to a 0.61-year (29.72%) reduction in CVD deaths. Similar benefits were found in both males and females.

Our findings suggest that moderate coffee consumption (approximately 2 cups per day) could be recommended as a valuable component of a healthy diet and may be an adjustable effective intervention measure to increase life expectancy.

We assessed whether the motor component of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCSm) is independently associated with unfavorable outcomes in aggressively treated poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients.

Retrospective cohort of poor-grade SAH patients (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grades IV and V). The best GCSm score achieved within 24 h of admission was stratified into four categories (<4, 4, 5 or 6). Outcomes were classified as favorable [modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤ 2] or unfavorable (mRS ≥ 3). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of unfavorable outcome.

A total of 179 patients were admitted during the study period (mean age 55.9 ± 12.1; 68.2% female). Thirty-three patients (33/179 – 18%) died before aneurysm treatment, one patient had missing GCSm data at 24 h and sixteen patients (16/179; 9%) were lost to follow-up. One hundred and twenty-nine patients (129/179 – 72%) were included in the final analysis. No patient with GCSm < 4 had a favorable outcome (sensitivity 22.4%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100% and negative predictive value 67.8% for unfavorable outcome). Delayed cerebral ischemia-related cerebral infarction (odds ratio (OR) 4.06; 1.56−11.11 95% CI, p = 0.004) and the best GCSm score were independently associated with unfavorable outcome. There was a stepwise decrease in the rate of unfavorable outcome from GCSm < 4 to GCSm = 6 (<4 = 100%; 4 = 80%; 5 = 46% and 6 = 20%). Each one-point decrease in GCSm score was associated with an OR of 3.52 (1.77−7.92 95% CI, p = < 0.001) for unfavorable outcome.

The GCSm score was independently associated with unfavorable outcome. All patients with a GCSm score < 4 experienced an unfavorable outcome.

Considering the high likelihood of chronicity, it is imperative to understand the risk factors and outcomes associated with severe anorexia nervosa (AN), for which Danish registers provide a unique opportunity. We developed a measure of AN severity adapted from clinical literature for use in register-based research.

The study population included all Danish individuals born between 1963 and 2007 who were diagnosed with AN from 1969 to 2013. Using register data, we constructed the anorexia nervosa register-based severity index (AN-RSI), incorporating early or late illness onset, number of inpatient admissions and outpatient treatments, cumulative treatment length, and illness duration, each weighted based on clinical importance. Associations between AN-RSI scores, evaluated 5 years after first AN diagnosis, and mortality were estimated using survival analysis.

Among 9167 individuals diagnosed with AN, 132 died during follow-up: 17 from AN, 30 from suicide, and 85 from other causes. Higher AN-RSI scores were associated with increased rates of mortality from AN, somatic anorexia diagnosis, suicide, alcohol-related causes, and any cause. AN cases who scored in the top 20% of AN-RSI had especially high mortality rates. Furthermore, severe AN cases were also more likely to be in treatment in the next 5 years after severity was established.

AN-RSI effectively captures mortality and long-term treatment in the absence of detailed patient records and is associated with later mortality in AN patients. AN-RSI could serve as a tool to examine epidemiological and genetic risk factors associated with AN course and outcomes.

People with opioid use disorder (OUD) have substantially higher standardised mortality rates compared with the general population. However, lack of individualised prognostic information presents challenges in personalisation of addiction treatment delivery.

To develop and validate the first prognostic models to estimate 6-month all-cause and drug-related mortality risk for people diagnosed with OUD using indicators recorded at baseline assessment in addiction services in England.

Thirteen candidate prognostic variables, including sociodemographic, injecting status and health and mental health factors, were identified from nationally linked addiction treatment, hospital admission and death records from 1 April 2013 to 1 April 2022. Multivariable Cox regression models were developed with a fractional polynomial approach for continuous variables, and missing data were addressed using multiple imputation by chained equations. Validation was undertaken using bootstrapping methods. Discrimination was assessed using Harrel’s C and D statistics alongside examination of observed-to-predicted event rates and calibration curve slopes.

Data were available for 236 064 people with OUD, with 2427 deaths due to any cause, including 1289 due to drug-related causes. Both final models demonstrated good optimism-adjusted discrimination and calibration, with all-cause and drug-related models, respectively, demonstrating Harrell’s C statistics of 0.73 (95% CI 0.71–0.75) and 0.74 (95% CI 0.72–0.76), D-statistics of 1.01 (95% CI 0.95–1.08) and 1.07 (95% CI 0.98–1.16) and calibration slopes of 1.01 (95% CI 0.95–1.08) and 1.01 (95% CI 0.94–1.10).

We developed and internally validated Roberts’ OUD mortality risk, with the first models to accurately quantify individualised absolute 6-month mortality risks in people with OUD presenting to addiction services. Independent validation is warranted to ensure these models have the optimal utility to assist wider future policy, commissioning and clinical decision-making.

Although dementia is a terminal condition, palliation can be a challenge for clinical services. As dementia progresses, people frequently develop behavioural and psychological symptoms, sometimes so severe they require care in specialist dementia mental health wards. Although these are often a marker of late disease, there has been little research on the mortality of people admitted to these wards.

We sought to describe the mortality of this group, both on-ward and after discharge, and to investigate clinical features predicting 1-year mortality.

First, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 576 people with dementia admitted to the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust dementia wards over an 8-year period. We attempted to identify predictors of mortality and build predictive machine learning models. To investigate deaths occurring during admission, we conducted a second analysis as a retrospective service evaluation involving mental health wards for people with dementia at four NHS trusts, including 1976 admissions over 7 years.

Survival following admission showed high variability, with a median of 1201 days (3.3 years). We were not able to accurately predict those at high risk of death from clinical data. We found that on-ward mortality remains rare but had increased from 3 deaths per year in 2013 to 13 in 2019.

We suggest that arrangements to ensure effective palliation are available on all such wards. It is not clear where discussions around end-of-life care are best placed in the dementia pathway, but we suggest it should be considered at admission.

To evaluate the outcomes of patients with single ventricle physiology supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to first-stage palliation.

This was a retrospective registry-based study. Data from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry were used to identify single ventricle physiology patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation prior to palliation from 2016 to 2021. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses for associations with mortality were conducted.

Primary outcome was death before hospital discharge. Patient characteristics including demographics and associated complications were evaluated as secondary outcomes. Sixty-five patients met inclusion criteria. Survival to discharge was 42%. Twenty-four (37%) patients died while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. There was no significant difference in demographics between survivors and non-survivors. Non-survivors had a significantly longer median duration on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation compared to survivors, 99-hrs [IQR (Interquartile Range), 160, 300] vs. 59-hrs [43, 124] (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration (adjusted-OR [Odds Ratio] 1.01, 95% CI [Confidence Interval] 0.98, 0.99; p = 0.03) and requiring renal replacement therapy (42% vs. 19%; p = 0.04) were associated with mortality prior to discharge.

Clinicians managing decompensated patients with single ventricle physiology may consider extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to palliation. Survival to discharge was 42%. Evidence of renal injury and longer extracorporeal membrane oxygenation durations were associated with mortality. These data may be used to guide providers and to counsel families. However, more data are needed to refine indications and assess associations related to outcomes and decision-making.

To examine the potential indirect effect of meal frequency on mortality via obesity indices.

Prospective cohort study

Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.

This cohort study involved 148 438 South Korean adults aged 40 years and older.

Meal frequency at the baseline survey was assessed using a validated FFQ. Outcomes included all-cause mortality, cancer mortality and CVD mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed to examine the relationship between meal frequency and the risk of mortality. Mediation analyses were performed with changes in obesity indices (BMI and weight circumference (WC)) as mediators. In comparison to the three-time group, the once-per-day and four-times-per-day groups had a higher risk for all-cause mortality. The irregular frequency group had a higher risk for CVD mortality. Both once-per-day and four-times-per-day groups exhibited higher risks for cancer mortality. The effect of meal frequency on all-cause mortality was partially mediated by WC. For specific-cause mortality, similar mediation effects were found.

The data suggests that three meals per day have a lower mortality and longer life expectancy compared with other meal frequencies. Increased waist circumference partially mediates this effect. These findings support the implementation of a strategy that addresses meal frequency and weight reduction together.